William Armstrong of Kinmont, better known as "Kinmont Willie", was born in about 1550 and died in about 1610. He was a notorious border reiver whose escape from Carlisle Castle in 1596 nearly sparked war between England and Scotland and threatened the succession to the Crown of England of James VI. He is remembered mainly because of a traditional Border ballad which records this episode. The wider picture in Scotland at the time is set out in our Historical Timeline.
Little is known about Kinmont Willie's background apart from his obvious link to Clan Armstrong, a family with origins in Cumbria who had played an important role in the development of southern Scotland and in centuries of cross-border conflict. By the 1580s Kinmont Willie had established himself as one of the three most infamous (or celebrated, depending on your point of view) of the border reivers. The reivers were outlaws who raided property and stole livestock on both sides of the Anglo-Scottish border, seeking to evade justice by crossing and recrossing the border depending on where the power of law at any given time seemed weakest or most remote. Their activities were largely enabled by the chaotic and often hostile state of relations between the authorities on either side of the border, where authority was divided between a series of March Wardens appointed by the English and Scottish governments.
Kinmont Willie is said to have undertaken large scale raids across the border at the head of a band of 300 men, known as "Kinmont's bairns". By the mid 1590s he was the most wanted man on either side of the border: with the English especially keen to get their hands on him.
It was the norm at the time for the two sides of the border to come together from time to time in what were known as "days of truce". These allowed families divided by the border to come together to socialise, and the March Wardens from the two sides to meet to discuss issues of mutual interest. They developed into large fairs. One such "day of truce" took place on 17 March 1596. Kinmont Willie attended and at some point during the proceedings was arrested by the men of the English Warden of the West March, Sir Thomas Scrope, 10th Baron Scrope of Bolton. He was taken in chains to Carlisle Castle, where he was imprisoned.
The breach of the truce caused outrage on the Scottish side of the border. The Scottish March Warden, Walter Scott of Buccleuch, Keeper of Liddesdale, sought to have Willie released by negotiation with Sir Thomas Scrope, but without success. On 13 April 1596 "Bold Buccleuch" as Walter Scott is now remembered, took more direct action. At the head of a party of 80 men Buccleuch crossed the border, overpowered (or bribed, accounts differ) the guards on duty at Carlisle Castle and released Kinmont Willie.
In the aftermath there was almost open warfare between England and Scotland. Sir Thomas Scrope led raids into Scotland in search of Kinmont Willie which, amongst other things, destroyed Annan and Dumfries. Meanwhile Scrope reported to Queen Elizabeth I in London that his castle had been captured by an army of 500 Scots. Elizabeth in turn demanded explanations from James VI of Scotland, her likely successor to the throne of England. James persuaded Walter Scott of Buccleuch to defuse the situation by going to explain his actions in person to Elizabeth. She apparently found him dashing and charming, and forgave him.
Kinmont Willie was never recaptured and eventually died in his own bed in about 1610, at the age of about 60. His story lives on in the form of a traditional Border ballad, reprinted below from Sir Walter Scott's long out of copyright "Minstrelsy of the Scottish border, Volume 1".
O have ye na heard o' the fause Sakelde?
O have ye na
heard o' the keen Lord Scroop?
How they hae ta'en bauld Kinmont Willie,
On Hairibee to hang him up?
Had Willie had but twenty men,
But twenty men as stout as
he,
Fause Sakelde had never the Kinmont ta'en,
Wi' eight score in his
cumpanie.
They band his legs beneath the steed,
They tied his hands
behind his back;
They guarded him, fivesome on each side,
And they
brought him ower the Liddel-rack.
They led him thro' the Liddel-rack,
And also thro' the
Carlisle sands;
They brought him to Carlisle castell,
To be at my Lord
Scroop's commands.
"My hands are tied, but my tongue is free!
And whae will
dare this deed avow?
Or answer by the border law?
Or answer to the
bauld Buccleuch!"
"Now haud thy tongue, thou rank reiver!
There's never a
Scot shall set ye free:
Before ye cross my castle yate,
I trow ye shall
take farewell o' me."
"Fear na ye that, my lord," quo' Willie:
"By the faith o'
my body, Lord Scroop," he said,
"I never yet lodged in a hostelrie,
But
I paid my lawing before I gaed."
Now word is gane to the bauld Keeper,
In Branksome Ha',
where that he lay,
That Lord Scroop has ta'en the Kinmont Willie,
Between the hours of night and day.
He has ta'en the table wi' his hand,
He garr'd the red
wine spring on hie
"Now Christ's curse on my head," he said,
"But
avenged of Lord Scroop I'll be!
"O is my basnet a widow's curc
Or my lance a wand of the
willow tree?
Or my arm a ladye's lilye hand,
That an English lord
should lightly me!
"And have they ta'en him, Kinmont Willie,
Against the
truce of border tide?
And forgotten that the bauld Buccleuch
Is Keeper
here on the Scottish side?
"And have they e'en ta'en him, Kinmont Willie,
Withouten
either dread or fear?
And forgotten that the bauld Buccleuch
Can back a
steed, or shake a spear?
"O were there war between the lands,
As well I wot that
there is none,
I would slight Carlisle castell high,
Tho' it were
builded of marble stone.
"I would set that castell in a low,
And sloken it with
English blood!
There's nevir a man in Cumberland,
Should ken where
Carlisle castell stood.
"But since nae war's between the lands,
And there is
peace, and peace should be;
I'll neither harm English lad or lass,
And
yet the Kinmont freed shall be!"
He has call'd him forty marchmen bauld,
I trow they were
of his ain name,
Except Sir Gilbert Elliot, call'd
The laird of Stobs,
I mean the same.
He has call'd him forty marchmen bauld,
Were kinsmen to
the bauld Buccleuch;
With spur on heel, and splent on spauld,
And
gleuves of green, and feathers blue.
There were five and five before them a',
Wi' hunting horns
and bugles bright;
And five and five came wi' Buccleuch,
Like warden's
men, arrayed for fight:
And five and five, like a mason gang,
That carried the
ladders lang and hie;
And five and five, like broken men;
And so they
reached the Woodhouselee.
And as we cross'd the Bateable Land,
When to the English
side we held,
The first o' men that we met wi',
Whae sould it be but
fause Sakelde?
"Where be ye gaun, ye hunters keen?"
Quo' fause Sakelde;
"come tell to me!"
"We go to hunt an English stag,
Has trespassed on
the Scots countrie."
"Where be ye gaun, ye marshal men?"
Quo' fause Sakelde;
"come tell me true!"'
"We go to catch a rank reiver,
Has broken faith
wi' the bauld Buccleuch."
"Where are ye gaun, ye mason lads,
Wi' a' your ladders,
lang and hie?"
"We gang to herry a corbie's nest,
That wons not far
frae Woodhouselee."
"Where be ye gaun, ye broken men?"
Quo' fause Sakelde;
"come tell to me!"
Now Dickie of Dryhope led that band,
And the never a
word o' lear had he.
"Why trespass ye on the English side?
Row-footed outlaws,
stand!" quo' he;
The never a word had Dickie to say,
Sae he thrust the
lance thro' his fause bodie.
Then on we held for Carlisle toun,
And at Staneshaw-bank
the Eden we cross'd;
The water was great and meikle of spait,
But the
nevir a horse nor man we lost.
And when we reached the Staneshaw-bank,
The wind was
rising loud and hie;
And there the laird garr'd leave our steeds,
For
fear that they should stamp and nie.
And when we left the Staneshaw-bank,
The wind began full
loud to blaw;
But 'twas wind and weet, and fire and sleet,
When we came
beneath the castle wa'.
We crept on knees, and held our breath,
Till we placed
the ladders against the wa';
And sae ready was Buccleuch himsell
To
mount the first, before us a'.
He has ta'en the watchman by the throat,
He flung him down
upon the lead
"Had there not been peace between our land,
Upon
the other side thou hadst gaed!
"Now sound out, trumpets!" quo' Buccleuch;
"Let's waken
Lord Scroop, right merrilie!"
Then loud the warden's trumpet blew
"O whae dare meddle wi' me?"
Then speedilie to work we gaed,
And raised the slogan ane
and a'.
And cut a hole thro' a sheet of lead,
And so we wan to the
castle ha'.
They thought King James and a' his men
Had won the house
wi' bow and spear;
It was but twenty Scots and ten,
That put a thousand
in sic a stear!
Wi' coulters and wi' fore-hammers,
We garr'd the bars
bang merrilie,
Untill we cam to the inner prison,
Where Willie o'
Kinmont he did lie.
And when we cam to the lower prison,
Where Willie o'
Kinmont he did lie
"O sleep ye, wake ye, Kinmont Willie,
Upon the
morn that thou's to die?"
"O I sleep saft, and I wake aft;
Its lang since sleeping
was fleyed frae me!
Gie my service back to my wife and bairns,
And a'
gude fellows that speer for me."
Then Red Rowan has hente him up,
The starkest man in
Teviotdale
"Abide, abide now, Red Rowan,
Till of my Lord Scroope
I take farewell.
"Farewell, farewell, my gude Lord Scroope!
My gude Lord
Scroope, farewell!" he cried
"I'll pay you for my lodging
maill,
When first we meet on the border side."
Then shoulder high, with shout and cry,
We bore him down
the ladder lang;
At every stride Red Rowan made,
I wot the Kinmont's
aims played clang!
"O mony a time," quo' Kinmont Willie,
"I have ridden horse
baith wild and wood;
But a rougher beast than Red Rowan,
I ween my legs
have ne'er bestrode.
"And mony a time," quo' Kinmont Willie,
"I've pricked a
horse out oure the furs;
But since the day I backed a steed,
I never
wore sic cumbrous spurs!"
We scarce had won the Staneshaw-bank,
When a' the
Carlisle bells were rung,
And a thousand men, in horse and foot,
Cam
wi' the keen Lord Scroope along.
Buccleuch has turned to Eden water,
Even where it flow'd
frae bank to brim,
And he has plunged in wi' a' his band,
And safely
swam them thro' the stream.
He turned him on the other side,
And at Lord Scroope his
glove flung he
"If ye like na my visit in merry England,
In fair
Scotland come visit me!"
All sore astonished stood Lord Scroope,
He stood as still
as rock of stane;
He scarcely dared to trew his eyes,
When thro' the
water they had gane.
"He is either himsell a devil frae hell,
Or else his
mother a witch maun be;
I wad na have ridden that wan water,
For a' the
gowd in Christentie."